The parish Church and Registers

Parish Church.
Parish Church.

THE parish church is dedicated to Saint Peter; some say to Saints Peter and Paul, and adduce the corporate seal of the church and school as proof of the correctness of their contention. This may have been the case, but it is now called the Church of Saint Peter only, Paul having been dropped at least a century ago. Probably he lagged behind somewhere. The church is supposed to have been first erected after the Norman Conquest. In 1304 it was almost entirely destroyed by fire, along with a number of houses in the immediate neighbourhood. It was shortly afterwards restored in a manner worthy of the period. William Rufus gave the Church of Mansfield, together with all its possessions, to Lincoln Cathedral, and the Bishop of Lincoln continued the patron of the living, receiving in lieu of the rectorial tithes a composition of eight shillings per acre from all the enclosed land in the parish, until the creation of the Diocese of Southwell.

Thoroton states that "there were in the Church of Mansfield, before the time of Edward VI., ten chantries, whose land the Queen gave this year (1557) in fee to Christopher Grainger, clerk, the vicar, and William Wilde and John Chambers, the churchwardens of the parish church of Mansfield, to sustain one chaplain or priest. The vicarage of Mansfield, in the King's book, is £7 7s. 6d.; it is now valued at about £280." During the reign of Edward, the ten chantries, which were for the saying of masses in for the souls of pious benefactors, reverted to the Crown; but in the reign of Philip and Mary they were handed over to the vicar and churchwardens to find a chaplain to celebrate divine service in the parish church for ever. When the chantries were surrendered to the king, in 1545, John Porter, the incumbent, is described as being "of th' age of liii. yeres, unlearned, and having no other promotion." The lay impropriator of the tithes is the Duke of Portland, by whose ancestor they were purchased when the Commissioners were short of funds.

The Church has been repaired and restored many times, until there is scarce a vestige of the ancient edifice left. The oldest portion of the church is the tower, and the lower part of this is beyond doubt a portion of the church destroyed by fire. An older relic is a very interesting remnant of the Norman zigzag ornament, which is still to be seen near the vestry door, in the south chancel. The two lowest stages of the tower are of the Norman period, the third is of the Decorated period, the battlement of the Perpendicular, and the spire much later. Its west doorway and general construction externally, as well as the plain square piers of a very large arch within, opening into the nave, all point to the Norman period. Above this is an unusally large arch, opening into the bell chamber; and in the north-west angle is a staircase, only indicated externally by the little slits which light it. A relic of the church of the same date as this tower are marks left by the weatherings of its various roofs on the eastern face of the tower—inside Norman and outside the Decorative period—where the pitches are still distinctly seen. It is surmised that the tower was originally surmounted by a belfry stage and plain parapet; but, if this was so, it has been replaced by a handsome one of the fourteenth century, having an embattled parapet. The next oldest portion is the nave, with its aisle and arcades, originally of the Early English period, but subsequently heightened, and now lofty, most carefully and delicately moulded. The chancel arch is of the same period, and probably there was once an east window to match. The wall of the north aisle still retains a lancet window, denoting the Early English period. In the south aisle there are segmental-arched three-light windows, restored after the original pattern, still remaining about 1350. Within the new porch attached to the aisle is an Early English doorway, now walled up, which, probably, once gave access to a sepulchral chapel or vault. At the east end of the church are some tolerable specimens of art in stained glass; but the other windows are simply panes of common glass, and have a very unattractive appearance. The following interesting particulars of ancient inscriptions and panes in the church are copied from Gervais Holles' MSS. collection in Bibl. Harl., British Museum:—"In Fenestris Chori. In a pane a man in compleat armour white, parcell guilt, his head bare, his lockes yellow, before him a book open, lying, as it were, uppon a carpett, his hands closed and elevated. Underneath written Orate pro anima Pierrpont. In the next pane a woman in red kneeling, hir hands closed and elevated. In the next a man with a shaven crowne, kneeling, a booke open before him. Blakewell unus Magistorume. A brass plate on a gravestone: Here lyeth the corps of John Chambers and Alys his wyfe, who lived in the feare of God 33 years, and had issue 7 sons and 7 daughters. John departed this life godlily. Alys died 1564. On the left hand, underneath the north end of the altar, lieth Dorothy, first wife of Gervas Holles, of Great Grimsby, Linc., Esq., with her little infant, of whom she died in child birth, both under a freestone without inscription." None of the foregoing are now in existence.

Mr. Carter, in his "Visit to Sherwood Forest," says:—"Prior to the Reformation, the windows presented some fine specimens of stained glass, including the armorial bearings of the Pierreponts, D'Arceys, Farrars, and other families of distinction who had been identified with the town as benefactors or residents; but, alas, the destroying hand of time, or the still more ruthless one of Puritanical violence, has swept these memorials away, without even a vestige remaining. A few years since, however, the five centre compartments of the chancel window were, through the liberality of two private individuals, adorned with good specimens of painted glass, after Early English models, by a young artist named Gough, of Nottingham. Neither can I give you any better account of the monuments, tablets, and crosses which you would naturally look for in a church of antiquity; for they, if ever they existed, have shared the same fate as the windows . . . The Cartwrights of Ossington, from whom sprang the celebrated politician, Major Cartwright, formerly considered this their family burial-place; and here repose the remains of Captain, or, as he was more generally called, Labrador Cartwright, brother to the Major, and whose habits and eccentricities are frequently the theme of conversation among those old standards of the town who knew him, and who still remember his hawking on the Forest."

The choristry is Late Perpendicular, or Tudor; and the roof, restored in 1871, during the incumbency of the Rev. H. L. Bennett, M.A., is a conical one. The chancel aisles are Perpendicular additions to the church, and open into it by means of two bays each. There are two chapels, one of which was dedicated to St. Laurence, at the east end of the south aisle of the nave, and in both chancel aisles. On the north side of the chancel is a credence, at the east end of which is an ogre arched doorway opening into the new vestry. There are one or two singular alumries and piscinae in the church; the most interesting being that near the sedila, which has a lazar window at the side where the lepers could see through to the high altar. This latter shows that formerly the chancel aisles were outside the church.

In the south aisle wall is a sepulchral recess, in which is a recumbent effigy of a civilian attired in a tunic of the fourteenth century. This tunic is buttoned down the front with many buttons, slightly opened below and clasped at the waist with a strap, whilst a lion stands at the feet. This figure is popularly supposed to represent Dame Cicely Flogan, who lived in the reign of Henry VIII., and left to the town, among other things, an estate, subject to the support of a bull and a boar to be kept for the gratuitous use of the inhabitants of the town for ever. Doubt, however, is cast upon the monument, antiquaries asserting that it is undoubtedly the effigy of a man. Mr. H. Bloxam, a well-known authority, some quarter of a century ago examined the effigy, and stated, as his opinion, that it represented a civilian, a franklin, or a squire of the middle of the fourteenth century (1350). But as the body of the church was rebuilt about that time, he thought it likely the effigy was commemorative of one who took an active part in the work of restoration. Lady Flogan died in 1520, at least 150 years after the effigy appears to have been put up. Others suppose this effigy to be to one of the famous family of Pierreponts. Robert Pierrepont, first Earl of Kingston, was at one time a resident of Mansfield; for on September 8th, 1612, the register records that "Francis, the sonne of Mr. Robert Pierrpont, Esquier, was baptized"; and Wood, in his "Athanae," states that Henry, eldest son of Robert, first Earl of Kingston, was born at Mansfield in 1606. Earl Robert, we are informed, is buried at Holme Pierrepont, although, strange to say, the death is registered at Cuckney in these words:—"1643, Robert Pearpoint, the Earle of Kingstone upon Hull, was Burried the 25 of July." Now this Earl Robert married Gertrude, daughter of Henry Talbot, Esq., son of George, Earl of Shrewsbury. The arms of a Poerrepont (with quarterings) were formerly in the east window of the south aisle of Mansfield Church; and therefore it becomes more probable that the effigy is to his memory, and not to Dame Cicely Logan, particularly as there is an identically similar effigy in Holme Pierrepont Church. Gervase Holies, in his notes on Mansfield Church, states:—"In muro australi effigies bellatoris ex familia Talbutorum ut ab incolis dicitur." In the south wall is a figure of a warrior of the Talbot family, as is said in the neighbourhood. Putting these facts together, there appears a strong probability that this monument is to a Pierrepont, and, as Robert Poerrepont married a Talbot, it is to one of their family; and especially as Robert Pierrepont at one time lived in Mansfield, and had, as the inscription on his wife's monument records, "Many children, most dead." One of the witnesses to Dame Cicely Flogan's will was Roger Pierrepont.

The bull and the boar mentioned in connection with Lady Cicely Flogan's will were not to be kept, as some may suppose, for the purpose of being bated with dogs, &c, but for the propagation of good breeds of cattle and pigs. I believe the charity is still in existence as regards the bull.

The church is 93 feet long and 63 feet broad; and, prior to the restoration in 1871, there was a gallery over each aisle, and a curious abstract of the numerous parish charities was inscribed upon the 27 panels on the fronts of the galleries. In the year 1794, the inhabitants procured permission from the Archbishop to erect an organ in the gallery at the west end of the church, to build a gallery over the south aisle, to remove the pulpit, and to convert a pew in the middle aisle on the north side into a churching pew, which was also to be used as a public seat by the inhabitants. The cost of all this was only to be £15 16s. 3d.! This organ, however, cost two hundred guineas; and every subscriber, or his heir, of one guinea or more was given the right to vote at the election of an organist, who was to be removable by the majority of the subscribers and trustees. The organ, formerly used in York Minster, was publicly opened on Saturday, the 11th of July, 1795, on which occasion the "Messiah" was performed. Since that time, the organ has been removed from the gallery to the more appropriate position in the chancel. The old organ has also given place to a handsome modern instrument, recently improved by the addition of a vox humana stop. In addition to all this, the church has been freed from the old galleries; and though it has a bare, cold appearance from want of ornamentation and colouring, when the time comes that the parishioners are prepared to contribute towards beautifying the interior of the sacred edifice, there need be no difficulty in carrying out the work. The old-fashioned pews have all been removed, and the whole of the sittings are free and unappropriated.

From a churchwarden's book, dated 1634, it appears that the following articles were among the church goods:—A desk, to which was chained "The Book of Martyrs"; a communion table, with a covering of buckram; two holland napkins and a dozen of trenchers; five bells; a clock and chimes; two hand dials to the clock; a bowl or chalice for the communion, the cover of which was lost in the time of Mr. Bryan Brittan, vicar.

Mr. Harrod, in his History, says:—"The large silver dish is thus inscribed: 'The gift of Mrs. Ann Hewitt to the parish of Mansfield, Sep. ye 21, 1753.' In the centre are engraved IHS surrounded with glory, being the first three letters of the word Iesus in Greek. The arms of the donor are also engraved thereon. On the salver: 'Donam Ecclaesiae de Mansfeld per Amicas Duas.' On the large chalice is the same inscription as on the salver. On the smaller chalice is an inscription, nearly defaced; what remains legible is 'Churchwardens, 1611.' The words defaced I suppose to be the names of the then churchwardens. The purple hangings for the pulpit and desk, one cushion of the same, all with gold lace and gold fringe, are the gift of Mrs. Rose Farrer. The purple covering for the communion table is the gift of Mrs. Mary Molyneux."

In 1534 the parish of Mauncefeld was within the Rural Deanery of Nottingham, and the church belonged to the Cathedral church of Lincoln. The vicar was Will'mus Clarke. The emoluments were: the vicarage house, rated at that time at vjs. viijd. annually; Easter tithes brought in, one year with another, iiij. li.; moneys called holy bread silver, vjs. vijd.; offerings on four annual offering daies averaged xls.; tithes of porklings and ducks, geese, and sheep, vjs. viijd.; tithes of flax and hemp, iijs.; ditto of hay and tofts, vjs.; other offerings, xiiij.; making in gross, £8.

The following memorandum is copied from an old manuscript:—"That on the 26th of May, 1642, being Monday in Rogation Week, the vicar and other parishioners of Mansfield rode about the boundares of the parish, taking in the Forest Walk, belonging to the town. They began at Ransdale Nook, took the straight hill, passed along Packman's Gate and by the side of Lyndhurst, came to Lincolndale, crossed Nottingham way, went by the side of Sutton Field, and encompassed the new field of Mansfield, returning home through the West Field Lane."

On the 14th of August, 1650, a Commission sat at the Shire Hall, Nottingham, to enquire into the various parishes and their ministers. The report concerning Mansfield was as follows: —"The impropriate rectory of Mansfield, worth one hundred seaventie and five pounds per annum, issueing out of Mansffield and Skegby, whereof Sir Thomas Blackwell, knight, or his assigns, reseiue one hundred and five pounds to his or their use; Rowland Dand, twentie pounds; and Mrs. Anne Wagstaffe receives ffiftie pounds, remainder of the said one hundred seaventie and five pounds, to her owne use. The vicaridge of Mansfield, worth thirty pounds per annum, but they have no minister there at present other there or at Skekby." Whether the vacancy had existed since the ejection of the episcopally ordained minister, or how long it lasted, we have no evidence to show. Further:—"The tythe of corn, hay, rare tythe and other . . . tythes due and payable out of the parishe, townshippe, feildes, precintes, and territories of Mansfield, and out of the parishe, townshippe, and feildes of Woodhouse, and other the members belonging to the said Mannor and Rectory part of the said tythes, are reserved and possessed by Rowland Dand, gent, and the other part assigned and souled unto Sir Thomas Blackwell, knt., both being worth per annum lx. li. The viccarage of Mansfield hath tithe of corne and hay, and other petty tithes in the crofts and crowne closes, worth per annum lx. li."

There are eight bells in the tower, and also chimes, purchased in 1762. In 1794, a subscription was raised for making some additions to these, and they were completed on the 12th of January, 1796, and formerly played at four, nine, and twelve. The inscriptions on the bells are as follows:—

I. The gift of Robert Watson, carpenter and churchwarden, 1762. Lester and Pack, London.
II. At proper times my voice I'll raise, And sound to my subscribers' praise. Lester and Pack.
III. Robert Watson and Ralph Brocksop, churchwardens. 1762.
IV. Walter John Brailsford. 1611.
V. When these bells ring, Their friendly gifts are sounded. 1610.
VI. Thomas Dand and Francis Wass, churchwardens. 1762.
VII. Sweetly to sing I men do call, To taste on meat that fills the soul.
VIII. Two sounds by this bell we have— One to the church, one to the grave. Francis Dand. 1610.

The weight of the large bell is 19 cwt. 3 qrs. The bell ropes are purchased out of the profits issuing from the rents of a close called "Bell Rope Close." On the 15th of March, 1806, according to a record, Mr. Peat's complete peal of 6,000 bob majors was rung in the most perfect style in Mansfield in four hours and four minutes.

The Mansfield Parish Registers date back as far as the year 1559, and are, consequently, among the earliest church registers in the district. The registers are in three volumes; and the oldest of these, dating from 1558 to 1653, was lost for some considerable time, but discovered by the late Rev. T. L. Cursham, M.A., formerly vicar of Mansfield. The binding is of a rude character, the cover being of stout calf skin, and the parchment leaves are fastened together by means of gut cords, passed through and fastened to square pieces at each side of the cover. The caligraphy is, in places, of the most finished character, a large portion being in a fine text hand; but the ornamental flourishes, together with the curious contractions, render it in some places most difficult to decipher. In other places, the writing is almost illegible by the action of a damp atmosphere; and, again, in others the handwriting is very bad. In some parts the leaves are so stained that the writing is completely obliterated. On the outer cover is written in a bold hand:—"This old Register was discovered among the papers given to me by the Executors of the last Vicar, after having been lost many years. T. L. Cursham, M.A., Vicar. February 7th, 1813. Gloria Deo." Above this, however, is written in a different hand the name, Francis Ward, 1612. Then, on the second page, is the following:—"A true and perfect register, wherein is playnly sett downe all the severall names of such persons as have beene Baptized, Married, and Burried within the Parishe of Mansfielde, with the severall yeares and tymes when they have beene solemnised, Begininge in the year of our Lord God 1559, and in the firste yeare of the raigne of our most gratious Soveraigne Ladie Queene Elizabeth. Ben Bertoyne."

The births, deaths, and baptisms, with dates, are written in columns, with a narrow blank column running down the centre of each page evidently for entries of the notable events occurring in these times. Occasionally, however, these are noticed amongst the deaths, marriages, &c. ; but, singularly enough, few entries of this kind are made until after the year 1600. The first entry is as follows:—1559. "Oct. 16. Geo., the sonne of George Winne, bapt." The remainder of the entries are in the same manner, and it is only necessary to give a few, as they would only weary the reader :—

Nov. 16. Johan, the daughter of Robert Clay, bapt.
Nov. 1. Elizabeth, the daughter of Geo. Hudson, bapt.
Dec. 28. Ellen, the daughter of John Spittlehouse, bapt.
Jan. 4. Thomas, the son of Jo. Wood Plumer, bapt.
Jan. 21. Henry, the son of Henry Walker, bapt.
Feb. 1. Alex., the daughter of John Dickenson, bapt
Mar. 12. Johan, the daughter of John Bridge, bapt.

Here ends the ecclesiastical year under what is known as the Old Style.

Apl. 11. Mary, the daughter of William Hardwick, bapt.
Apl. 17. Ellen, the daughter of Jno. Whitley, bapt.
Mar. 4. Roger, the sonne of Edward Dunne, bapt.
Mar. 16. Geo., the sonne of Robt. Haywood, bapt.
Apl. 2. Christopher, the sonne of John Snowden, bapt.

Having given a few of the first entries, it may now be interesting to give the family names existing in Mansfield, Skegby, Pleasley Hill, and Mansfield Woodhouse, from 1560 to 1600, as they appear in the list of christenings. In some few instances, however, the surnames are positively undecipherable; and, therefore, it can only be said that the list which follows represents a great majority of the family names of those places at that time as recorded in the register. Barely reading on the surface, to many the list may appear insignificant;. but, by taking a period of forty years, it may easily be seen by any ordinary reader that the names of parents whose children were christened during this series of years can, with tolerable safety, be taken as fairly representing the families then living here. Then, again, by taking the average number of five members for each family, one may obtain an approximate estimate of the population, although allowance must be made for a few whose names were, probably, never entered in the parish register—in the birth column at any rate—and a fair proportion should also be allowed for the probability of the existence of several families of the same name. For instance, the proverbial multiplicity of the Smiths, the Browns, and the Joneses may even at that time have held sway, whereas these names will only once be mentioned in this list. By means of these names, too, many may be able to find their ancestors resided in Mansfield or its curacies so far back as the sixteenth century. In one or two cases we have given the date within parenthesis when such a name first appears, and stray remarks are made upon anything which is of more than usual interest For instance, the Dand family is mentioned—a name so closely connected with the Mansfield Eight Men's Intake that any mention of it must excite interest in the minds of all Mansfield people. In 1629, a daughter of Rowland Dand was married to the Rev. John Price, then vicar of the parish. This Rowland Dand, it may be worth while to state, lived at Mansfield Woodhouse.

The following is the list of family names:— Shutt, Milner, Wadsworth, Matthewe, Turner, Maryot, Mumforth, Chadwick, Hatfield, Minton, Wright, Willom, Bricknall, Betney, Hallingson, Hall, Dickenson, Taylor, Somersal, Dande (which first appears September 23rd, 1561. " Francisse, ye sonne of Rowlande Dande," was baptized), White, Probenite, Blackstowe, Powell, Draper, Bruster, Darwen, Royle, Clarke, Hay, Monfitt, Harrison, Hudsone, Holliby, More, Child, Push-stone, Wytworth, Bradfell, Cleyton, Shawe, Crawshawe (a name which appears as parish constable in after years), Cooke, Hunt, Lummye, Ludlum, Whitley, Bolsouer, Rushton, Blackowe, Wood, Kitchen, Gibson, Storer, Bradshawe, Sutclyffe, Jones, Hellybie, Wallis, Sherston, Bickerstaffe, Birchinall, Whyett, Hardye, Bretayne. (This name first appears on January 20th, 1565, and the entry is as follows: "Bryan, the sonne of Mr. James Breytaine, bapt.;" and this is no doubt the Bryan Brettain who was afterwards vicar of the parish.) Deenley, Marshe, Yorke, Stanson, Bogey, Miglay, Lamme, Revill, Tamforthe, Joyner, Gilman, Slater, Blackwell, Hout, Royston, Pleyer, Walster, Sutley, Stanfell, Rowell, Padley, Osberton, Warren, Croft, Shirston, Cawoode, Ffarnworth, Stubbings, Herringe, Robinson, Houlte, Stables, Boulsor, Derkor, Courtisse, Dowe, Layor, Binns, Rawson, Don, Bancrofte, Burche, Pleach, Deane, Patliffe, Cashe, Sherwin, Bower, Wheate, Riston, Jemison, Kitchen, Dixon, Nuttall (first appears July 22nd, 1617), Stafforde, Bynge, Pooley, Pratt, Jessope, Gethinge (first appears June 1st, 1572), Dawsonne, Bonington, Cleaton, Genison, Silvester, Goode, Pye, Birche, Haslame, Brunte, Rowley, Lyvesley, Beighton, Warall, Giliot, Limb, Chambers, Robinson, Keale, Eayre, Spittelhouse, Pooley, Hargreave, Ffoulgem, Shakspeare, Radforth, Trentham, Gaskenne, Gowde, Emley, Patliffe, Archer, Stafforthe, Alton, Crichley, Ryley, Croker, Trentu, Nobell, Whytleffe, Broke, Braylforthe, Cost, Capron, Brunon, Bartloe, Crawforthe, Martin, Chabers, Times, Ffulwoode, Langforthe, Heath, Randle, Williamson, Bartlett, Kyrky, Peare, Edgborrowe, Lyandson, Shyld, Capperne, Timpley, Piper, Poynton, Clytam, Cullingworth, Buttrye, Singleton, Burket, Connies, Butcher, Longmeden, Loscoe, Jepson, Rose, Niley, Watson, Whitworth, Blythe (April 2nd, 1583), Ffouliam, Scot, Dale, Nibbley, Martiall, Beran, Picrofte, Ffounterall, Robinte, Looder, Grinder, Bruck, Ffieldsen, Renald (October 4, 1584), Warren, Roade, Cheinor, Hibbert (October 20, 1584), Darrell, Dawninge, Hobson, Crosse, Chatterton, Fflint, Roose, Brownley, Godbere, Conyer, Allsbrucke, Gee, Adame, Peace, Balme, Leyer, Catlinge, Weste, Ffoulgeambe.

The Ffoulgeambe which here appears is no doubt an ancestor of the present Foljambe family, one of whom was the first representative of the Mansfield Division in Parliament. Mr. Foljambe retired at the general election of 1892, and in June, 1893, was raised to the Upper House by the title of Lord Hawkesbury. There are several entries in this name, and Ffouliam is no doubt intended for the same. The fact of this name appearing in the Mansfield Registers is proof that at this time the family must have resided in Mansfield Woodhouse (where they held property); for unless they were within the Mansfield ecclesiastical parish the name would not appear. Mansfield Woodhouse, as has been before stated, possessed a kind of chapel to Mansfield; and if the Foljambe family were without the Mansfield ecclesiastical district their residence would have been given, or the significant explanation, "Not of us"—so common in the registers when "foreigners" had been baptised—would have been entered. It must be understood that these registers were the only evidences of birth, and had to be made up every year; hence, when a child was baptised who had been born without the parish, the name of the place was mentioned, or the entry, "Not of us," given. The first is "Henry, the sonne of Thomas Ffoulgeambe," November 22nd, 1573; the next is "Thomas, the sonne of Thomas Ffoulgeam," October 28th, 1575; then again, "Eliz., the daughter of Thomas Ffulgeame," January 5th, 1577; another is "Jho., the sonne of Thomas Ffoulgeame," September 26th, 1580; again, "Rebecca, ye daughter of Thomas Ffouliam," January 6, 1584; "Isabell, ye daughter of Thomas Ffoulgeame," August 19, 1587; "Frannces, ye sonne of Thomas Folliambe," March 7, 1589; "Kathlen, ye daughter of Thos Ffuliambe, bapt."

Returning to the family names, we come to Hemblocke, Wittinson, Gowld, Capillwood, Barlowe, Wylie, Dunner, Oldham (September 15th, 1588), Platt, Reason, Brooke, Reanalds (January 1st, 1588), Cartwright, Forthe, Capplewood, Dooge. (This name is noticeable by "esquier" being attached to it. The entry is "Willm., ye sonne of Wm. Doge, esquier," July 2nd, 1591; and no doubt William Dooge was a distinguished personage at that time of day, or the vicar would not have given him this distinction, which is uncommon in those registers.) Conias, Wyley. (A marginal note in April, 1592, is as follows: "Geruale, the son of William Barley, was baptized the 30 day of Aprile, forgotten by ye scriba." In making up the entries in their proper order, the one named had evidently been overlooked.) Ffreebur, Wallhead, Fforthe, Ossall, Hopwood, Glasier, Loades, Ogild, Brackney, Capplewood, Hudd ("Robert, ye sonne of Thomas Hudd, Doctor of Physic, bapt.,"November 4th, 1593), Tye, Samson.

The next name we come across is a most notable one, being that of Sterne, father of the celebrated Archbishop of that name. There are four christenings in the Sterne family from 1593 to 1599, as follows:—

1593. Mar. 23rd. Willm., ye sonne of Simon Sterne, bapt.

1594. May 28th. Gregory, ye sonne of Simon Sterne, bapt.

1597. Apr. 10th. Richard, ye sonne of Simon Sterne, bapt. This was the Archbishop of York, as is recorded by the following entry, made in red ink:— "Qui posten divina prudentia Archepiscopis Ebor," which, translated, reads: "Who was afterwards, by divine providence, Archbishop of York."

1599. Apr. 8th. Ffranncis, ye sonne of Symon Sterne, bapt.

It will be necessary to speak more of this family later on.

Among other of the more interesting entries in the register at this period are:—

1597. Aug. 14. Kathren, ye daughter of Bryan  Brittain, vicare of Maunsfield, bapt.

1599. Sep. 29. Anne, ye daughter of Bryan Brittain, vicare of Maunsfield, bapt.

We now come to a second esquire, which is added to the name of William Lodge. It reads thus: "Dofsithelt, ye daughter of Wm. Lodge, Esqr., bapt." Lodge, no doubt, at this time occupied a high social position in the Mansfield ecclesiastical district. A very curious entry is this:—"1597. March 26. Elizabeth, ye bast borne child of Elizb. Stones, whose reputed father is Martin Bridghouse, was, by the tollerance of the Vicare of Mansfield, baptized at Plesley."

Now to redeem the promise made respecting the Dand family. The following are the christenings of the members of this family as they appear:—

1562. Feb. 30. Elizabethe, ye daughter of Rowland Dand, bapt.

1564. Dec. 23. Hellen, ye daughter of Rowland Dand, bapt.

1565. Apr. 27. Willm., ye sonne of John Dand, bapt

1566. Apr. 25. Elizabeth, ye daughter of John Dand, bapt.

1566. Sep. 17. Roland, ye sonne of Robt. Dand, bapt.

1568. Mar. 24. Thomas, ye sonne of Robert Dand, bapt.

1570. Jan. 1. Thomas, ye sonne of John Dand, bapt.

1571. Nov. 24. Isabell, ye daughter of Rowland Dand, bapt.

This name appears once more, on the 16th of September, 1629, as follows: "Mr. John Price, Vicar of Mansfield, and Miss Isabell Dand were married at Leicester." Mr. Price here referred to was inducted into the living of Mansfield on the 21 st of October, 1629. He succeeded the Rev. Brian Brittain, who died on the 2nd of October of that year. There is no evidence beyond the similarity of name to show that the two Isabells were the same person; if they were, Miss Dand must have been 58 years of age at the time of her marriage. What renders it less likely is the fact that a son was born to the vicar in March, 1630. There is one more entry to the Dand family; it is :—

1572. Dec. 26. Robt, ye sonne of Robert Dand, bapt.

Amongst other names mentioned are Hiberd, Innocent, Hardy man, Bosworthe, Swinscoe, Bugden, Dobb, Duckinfield, Sherston, Peeke, and Colley.

We have now reached the year 1600, and by way of variety will here insert a note which cannot fail to be of special interest. In 1631, when the Rev. John Price was vicar of the parish, a terrible plague visited Mansfield. On August 4th of that year, a marginal note appears in the register—"A heavy tyme." From July 28th to August 21 st, there were no fewer than six deaths registered as having been caused by "the plague." One family, that of Thomas Cadman, appears to have been terribly visited, for almost every member of the family was taken off by the plague.

1600. Aug. 6. Elizabeth, daughter of Thomas Cadman, was hurried. Died of the plague. Aug. 11. Kathlen, daughter of Thomas Cadman, was buryd. Died of the plague. Aug. 21. Thomas Cadman was buryed. Died of the plague.

A marginal note states that Cadman's wife was visiting at the house of a person named Brooks, and she returned home at this time, no doubt owing to the helplessness of the family. On reaching Mansfield, however, she was persuaded not to enter the house, and, returning to the residence of the Brookses, which was at some distance from the town, she escaped the disease. The plague appears to have carried off every member of this family with the exception of the wife. Another marginal note states that "The Plagye stayed through God's mercy." There is another entry relating to the same matter. "On November first, Mr. Coates, of K------, and Mr. Langley, of Triswell, attended, and thanksgiving was offered publicly to God for our deliverance." Unfortunately, nothing is said of the origin of the plague, which occurred over 33 years prior to the great plagues of London and Eyam.

Turning to the entries of marriages, we find the following introduction:—"A true and perfect Register of the names of all such persones as have been marryed within the parish of Mauns-field, begininge in the yeare of our Lord God 1559, being the fifth yeare of the Raigne of Queene Elizabeth." The first are:—

1559.  
Oct. 22nd. Jhon Dickenson and Elizb. Whitlocke, maried.
Nou. 12th. Richard Shaykspeare and Barbara Sleightholme, maried.
Nou. 16th. Richard Bruster and Elena Greynwaode, maried.
Feb. 18th. Willm. Wright and Johan Mayden, maried.

The entries of this part of the register are not made with much care, as in many cases the name of the male or the female is omitted, which, from an historical point of view, is a serious fault, though the parish minister of that day did not appear to consider it of importance. There is, too, an ellipsis in regard to the years from 1560 to 1562. Either there were no marriages in 1561, which is most unlikely, or there was a most unusually large number in 1562. At any rate, the year 1561 is not mentioned.

1560.  
  Richard Somersall and -------------, maryd.
Jul. 28. Raphe Clarke and Margaret Lime.
Aug. 1. Joseph Bawgey and Elizb. Warren.
Nov. 3. Ffranncis Peake and Briget Wyld.
3. John Dickenson and Margret Rodes.
Jan. 16. Thomas Shawe and Maud Walker.
25. Nicholas Wheate and Margret Hatfield.
Feb. 1. John Harryson and Elizabeth Walker.
1. Richard Innocent and Joan Herrot
1562.  
May 24. Richard Tomlinson and Elizabeth Williamson.
July 28. Willm. Kitgate and Jane ------.
28. Thomas Simpson and Alice Trickate.
Aug. 23. Richd. Midgley and Elizabeth Hennsom.
Sep. 13. Richard Home and Johan Nuttall.
Oct. 4. Lawrence Bradshaw and Alice Miller.
5. Henry Wallis and Mabel Eakringe.
18. Thomas Crawshaw and Alice Chambers.
25. Richard Kitchinge and Alice Ffarnesworthe. —
Nov. 8. Thomas Harryson and Agnes Greenwood.
15- Thomas East and Dorathie Pendleton.
28. Tho. Batt and Agnes Morton.
28. John Dand and Eliz. Chambers.
Jan. 24. John Osbeston and Elizb. Doyle.
27. John Whitworth and Elizabeth Burnett.
30. Richard Stubbing and Agnes Moore.
30. John Grainger and Annie Abell.
1563.  
May 4. John Downinge and Johan Dodghsed.
23. Willm. Sturte and Margret Selvester.
June 16. Robet Warren and Margery Lime.
Nov. 8. Willm. Walhead and Elizabeth -------.
1564.  
Nov. 23. Thomas Smith and Margrett Goodwine.
Jan. 21. John Day and Ellin Hine.
21. Roger Hay and Alice Retforthe.
21. Henry Bancrofte and Alice Allen.
1565.  
Apr. —. John Clarke and Johan Bradbery.
Oct. 15. Richard Simmis and Alice Wyld.
15. George Stansoe and Annie Storer.
16. Tho. Marshe and Issabell Danyett.
22. -------Yorke and Agnes Paine.
Dec. 2. Willm. Ginison and Elizabeth Bridgan.
Jan. 14. Robt. Wood and Mary Lowe.
28. Richard Drap and Annie Fyshe.
29. Richard Hardy and Agnes Motteram.
1566.  
Apr. 14. John Herring and Ann Child.
June 3. Richard Marshall and Agnes Wyley.
July 17. Mr. James Breeton and Elizabeth Capelwood.
21. Richard Hopkinson and Margret Bensonn.
Sep. 22. Willm. Deyne and Agnes Herring.
Oct. 7. Richard D ------and Ann Maryot.
11. Tho. Somersall and Johan Walker.
Nov. 18. John Gregory and Alice Daniell.
Dec. 1. John Robertes and Anne Hurst.
16. Henry Dorrell and Elizabeth Walker.
Jan. 27. Richard Drap and Annie Tomson.

It will be noticed that Richard Drap was married to Anne Fyshe on the 28th of January, 1565; she was buried on the 30th of October of the same year ; and then we find the bereaved widower solacing himself with another wife in the following January. Lawrence Cashe, too, married Johan Hardinge on the 5th of October, 1567; she was buried on the 12th of September, 1568, together with her daughter, Ann. Lawrence, tired of single blessedness, took unto himself another wife on the 6th of December, 1569.

May 9. Richard Pegg and Ann Roberts.
22. Henry Holt and Alice Shawe.
22. John Ludlam and Margret Haryson.
June 13. Robert Walker and Alice Brandreth.
19. Thom. Dixsonn and Alice Trickett.
Aug. 15. Thomas Leansleye and Johan Hatfield.
29. Thomas Leyes and Margret Buttry.
Sep. 27. Robert Collier and Johan Blackwell.
Oct. 25. John Stones and Johan Slater.
30. Thomas Dowe and Elizabethe Allen.
Nov. 14. Richarde Birche and Kathren Samson.
21. Peete Hatfield and Dorathie Gibbsom.
26. Richard Baslowe and Johan Holmes.
26. Christofer Hawit and Anys Dinsdall.
28. John Sillite and Agnes Rayte.
Jan. 30. Thom. Stubbing and Johan Woodhouse.
1569.  
Apr. 26. Henry Stafford and Margret Shawe.
Nov. —. Raphe Smith and Ellin ------.
15. Henry Cooke and Agnes.
Dec. 6. Lawrence Cashe and Agnes.
July 25. Edward Hunt and Elizab.
—. Robert Sherwin and Ellin.
Aug. 7. George Crichley and Elizabeth.
Nou. 6. Leonard Hall and Johan Hall.
26. Willm. Morfitt and
15. John Danison and Margret Stockes.
1570.  
—. Henry Nuttall and Elizabeth.
May 7. Henry Rippon and Elizab.
14. Thomas Kitchen and Issabell.
22. Thomas Heathe and Elizab. Alton.
July 23. Thomas Ashton and Agnes.
23. Willm. Pery and Elizab. Wright.
Jan. 29. Richard Clarke and Elizabeth.

The entries throughout 1569 and 1570 were made with extraordinary carelessness, as the many omissions of the lady's name indicate. Fortunately, however, these omissions do not occur so frequently in after years.

1571.  
June 10. Leonard Beighton and Margret Holmes.
July 22. Richard Bruster and Issabell Clarke.
29. Leonard Reuell and Elizabeth Hatfield.
29. Thorn. Goode and Johan Alton.
29. Richard Bradshawe and Eliz. Yorke.
Sep. 9. Julian Siluester and Amkret Westby.
Nou. 12. Willm. Cleaton and Margery Ludlam.
13. John Morow and Ellin Wright.
29. Thom. Morton and Johan Wright.
Jan. 29. Christofer Gething and Ellin Myntall.
1572.  
Apr. 20. Ffrauncis Chambers and Constance Freeman.
July 13. Roger Royle and Kathern Ewrade.
27. Willm. Beightou and Elizab. Graue.
Aug. 18. Henry Nuttall and Mary Dawes.
Dec. 7. Thomas Ffuliambe and Elizabeth Cooke.
1573.  
May 19. Willm. Eare and Kathren Boulsouer.
June 7. John Brunte and Agnes Graue.
15. Henry Hargreafe and Elizabeth Rollinson.
28. Willm. Rawson and Elin Bothome.
Oct. 5. Robert Crawforthe and Dorathie Tomson.
Nov. 15. Edmond Kinder and Johan Rollinson.
Jan. 23. John Brooke and Margret Leis.
1574.  
May 9. John Brelisforthe and Mary Fforthe.
16. Willm. Longforthe and Mary Jepson.
June 13. Leonard Beighton and Alice Taylor.
July 19. John Tomlinson and Johan Ffoucher.
25. Thomas Harryson and Annie Mason.
Sep. 27. Thomas Marshe and Johan Dodgson.
Oct. 10. John Capron and Elizb. Claye.
Nov. 8. John Hulley and Leatice Wombersley.
Jan. 9. Richard Wheate and Kathren Shooter.
17. Leonard Hall and Elizab. Hall.
17. John Ratcliffe and Johan Rockley.
1575.  
Apr. 18. Thomas Archer and Johan Gadsberye.
24. Richard Trentham and Alice Spittlehouse.
June 20. Thomas Stafford and Johan Conley.
July 17. Robert Alton and Agnes Shirston.
Sep. —. Robert Bamforth and Elizab. Seluester.
—. William Clarke and Agnes Hall.
Oct —. Willm. Ffoucher and Alice Donnell.
Dec. 1. Henry Nuttall and Margret Wyld.
  John Seluestei and Alice Ffarnsworth.
1576.  
June 3. Richard Cheetham and Alice Bruster.
18. Robert Spraye and Kathren Lawe.
July 30. Henry Cost and Jane Bowman.
Sep. 18. Julian Seluester and Elin Cooke.
Oct. 28. Richard Kitchen and Jane Schemington.
Nou. 4. Richard Candey and Alice Walker.
Jan. 28. Robert Curtesse and Issabell Whitehead.
Feb. 5. Richard Maryot and Elizab. Benet
9. Richard Rose and Alice Mottram.
1577.  
Apr. 29. Randolfe Royle and Issabell Ewrerd.
May 1. John Seluester and Alice Steuensone.
June 3. Robt. Crawforthe and Elizab. Masonne.
Aug. 5. Raphe Bayley and Isabell Bruster.
Nou. 3. Richard Butcher and Margret Ludlam.
18. Richard Ludlam and Alice Royle.
Jan. 19. Richard Hobson and Grace Taylor.
1578.  
Apr. 7. George Dorwen and Margret Dorwen.
May 11. George Dobb and Alice Gee.
May 30. John Bower and Elizabeth Ryland.
June 16. Raphe Somersall and Annie Woodnett.
July 14. John Clarke and Kathren Haye.
14. Robert Haye and Elizabeth Borrowes.
Nou. 13. John Dand and Issabell Gee.
24. Thorn. Robinett and Issabell Royle.
Jan. 19. Christofer Dowes and Issabell Reason.
Mar. 1. Robt. Parker and Kathren Sutliffe.
1579.  
May 17. Raphe Ludlam and Elizab. Addison.
June 14. John Bagnett and Ffrances Denton.
Aug. 30. Robert Williamson and Maud Walker.
Sep. 29. Thomass Middleton and Mary Pleasse.
Oct. 4. Thom. Childe and Johane Claye.
12. Christofer Pimigley and Johane Hewood.
Nou. 3. Richard Pauson and Kathren Ludlam.
Dec. 22. Tho. Clarke and Mudwin Ffrost.
Jan. 24. George Darwin and Mary Linne.
Feb. 7. Edmond Ffarnworth and Margret Wheate.
1580.  
Apr. 26. Hugho Robinson and ------Endrard.
May 29. John Boulsouer and Ellin Spittlehouse.
June 5. Thomas Ffulwoode and Mary Arnefield.
July 6. Willm. Denton and Elizb. Walker.
10. John Moriot and Alice Stensall.
24. Thomas Jepson and ------Wilcoxon.
24. Willm. Robinson and Elizabethe Walker.
Sep. 4. Robert Helme and Eliner White.
Oct. 1. Pete Cadman and Elizabeth Cappron.
Nou. 6. Christofer Brooke and Kathren Bicarstaffe.
13. Christofer Yorke and Johane Wrighte.
26. Willm. Conies and Johan Knight.
26. George Hunt and Alice Hastinges.
Dec. —. Robert Boyley and Margery.
Jan. 17. Willm. Pooley and Agnes.
  Willm. Burdet and Ellin Clarke.
1581.  
Jan. —. John Martiall and Margret Morfitt.
May 12. John Dand and Margret Hutchinson.
22. Raphe Banks and Agnes Ryley.
Sep. 5. Richard Ffarneworthe and Johan Turner.
Oct. 29. Thomas Watson and Ellin Gamble.
Nou. 26. John Wyley and Margret Dickenson.
  Henry Blackwell and
Jan. 13. Thorn. Langforth and Johan Mornforth.
Feb. 5. Thomas Boulsouer and Elizab. Hargreaue.
1582,  
June 5. Thomas Birley and Johan Lambe.
July 8. Jhon Grinder and Ann Shutt.
29. Roger Newton and Margret Shakspeare.
Sep. 14. James Cheever and Agnes Walker.
22. John Walker and Ellin Smale.
Oct. 3. John Harryson and Alice Chambers.
7. Richard Newton and Elizab. Walker.
Dec. 10. Edward Marples and John Gervas.
Jan. 19. Robert Ward and Kathren Wilson.
1583.  
May 27. Robert Hall and Ellin Cleaton.
June 9. James Pycroft and S------Taylor.
24. Adam Claye and Alice Dickenson.
July 14. Thomas Gee and Johan Heathe.
28. Henry Marten and Margret Birchinall.
Aug. 26. George Clarke and Benet Ffretwell.
Sep. 27. John Whelpdale and ------Warre.
29. Edward Fflinte and Agnes Ffoucher.
Oct. 21. Willm. Robinet and Elner Royte.
29. Raphe Smith and Johan Whitby.
Nou. 24. Charles Ffieldsend and Sicily Sutley.
Jan. 24. John Dorrell and Johan Gadsbery.
Feb. 22. Henry Crosse and Issabell Beeley.
17. Willm. Birchinall and Elizabethe Ffoote.
1584.  
Apr. 27. John Rodes and Alice Dobbs.
May 24. Willm. Beighton and Issabell Bradshall.
June 14. John Clarke and Ellin Slater.
14. John Reanalds and Issabell Trentham.
30. Thorn. Goodbeer and Kathren Ffrithe.
Sep. 23. John Sutleffe and Agnes Clarke.
28. Oliver Stubbinge and Margret Maryot.
Oct. 5. Edward Boulsouer and Margret Nitom.
Nou. 15. Robert Clarke and Elizab. Mariot.
1585.  
May 23. Raphe Greene and -------Gaskinge.
June 15. Henry Wadsworthe and Jane Cleaton.
22. John Dauenport and Dorathie Hobson.
July 27. John Buttery and Johan Walker.
Oct. 17. Richard Stubbinge and Johan Granger.
19. Henry Heald and Kathren Lea.
Nou. 24. Richard Shutt and Elizabeth Lambe.
Dec. 7. Nicholas Doughtye and Elizab. Elveston.
Jan. 26. Willm. Balme and Elizabethe Hatfield.
1586.  
Maye 29. John Curtesse and Ellen Warren.
Oct 19. John Cooke and Dorathie Dand.
1587.  
Feb. 5. Richard Innocent and Anne Barlow.
  James Ripley and Issabell Turner.
May —. Richard Simpson and Ellin Linnas.
  Thomas Allen and Mary Hersonn.
June 9. Henry Normanbee and Agnes Claye.
Sep. 4. Ffrancess Eare and Rebecca Cooke.
4. John Dobb and Kathren Cooke.
Oct. 29. Richard Cupplewood and Elizab. Nuton.
Nou. 26. Robert Hill and Agnes Ryby.
Dec. 10. Robert Reuill and Elizabethe Comons.
Jan. 21. John Reason and Alice Claye.
1588.  
Maye 27. Miles Dickson and Esther Ffurness.
Aug. 4. William Holloby and Elizab. Tomlinson.
12. Nicholas Haslam and Issabell Wylie.
Oct 27. Alexander Allen and Elizab. Crawshawe.
Nou. 3. Richard Hoppwood and Margret Robinet
24. Thorn. Kirke and Jane Stafforthe.
27. James Ausibrooke and Johan Tinsley.
27. Richard Moore and Elizab. Duddsonn.
1589.  
Apr. 7. Richard Shutt and Alice Spittlehouse.
27. Richard Reanald and Kathren Smithe.
May 4. John Armestrong and Ffranees Greaues.
25. Thomas Rawson and Sicily Slack.
June 6. Willm. Clarke and Maude Smithe.
July 14. John Yates and Margrett Slot.
  Xtopher Snowden and Margret Sterne.
Sep. 1. George Ruding and Jane Archer.
Oct. 6. Richard Kitchen and Johan Gee.
21. John Wright and Margret Cullingworth.
Nou. 24. Robt. Hodson and S------ Reave.
29. Richard Sherstone and Elizab. Ffretwell.
Dec. 1. Roger Lambe and Susan Biddle.
3. Tho. Allen and Christiana Balme.
Jan. 22. Willm. Harryson and Agnes Brackney.
26. John Dunne and Annie Godborowe.
  John Tye and Elizabeth Padley.
Feb. 20. Henry Wood and Margery.
1590.  
June 1. Henry Heathe and Elizab. Hatfield.
1. Robt. Sansom and Agnes Hollobye.
Oct. 4. Willm. Hatfield and Maud Warren.
  Richard Snowden and Ellen Heathe.
Nou. 3. Raphe Cullingworthe and Elizab. Hibberd.
Jan. 17. Edmond Ffarnsworth and Agnes Cheetham.
18. Robert Hill and Alice Ffansterd.
30. Elize Hetche and Issabell Waddington.
1591.  
Apr. 13. Robt. Warren and Issabell Hal.
May 4. Rowland Shawe and Ffrancis Taylor.
Sep. 22. Symon Sterne and Margery Walker.
Oct. 10. John Rawson and Issabell Snowden.
17. Edward Dunne and Kathren Sidbotham.
Dec. 1. Robert Walhead and Kathren Spittlehouse.
1592.  
June 19. Richard Ball and Johan Stones.
21. Willm. Mariot and Margret Hollobye.
Oct. 1. Robert Hill and Dorothie Claye.
9. Willm. Boulsouer and Alice Lees.
22. John Walker and Margery Warren.
Nou. 29. John Armstronge and Alice Noble.
Dec. —. Robt. Crawforthe and Jane Turner.
Feb. 29. Willm. Brooke and Issabell Claye.
13. Willm. Poynton and Ellin Hollingworth.
1593.  
July 1. Ffrancis Merton and Ellin Godbeer.
25. Elize Potter and Maude Shawe.
Sep. 30. John Rawdon and Sence Hodson.
Oct. 21. Ffrancis Swanscoe and Margery Claye.
Nou. 18. Richard Reanalds and Faithe Nype.
Jan. 17. Raphe Norman and Agnes Abell.
26. John Pooley and Margret Moore.
1594.  
Apr. 28. Willm. Clarke and Anne Jepson.
June 2. Hugo Bosworth and Margret Birkinshawe.
4. David Cleaton and Margery Butcher.
9. Henry Wadsworth and Agnes Snoden.
9. Richd. Morris and Jane Sander.
9. Richard Morris and Margret Caunsonne.
July 9. Robert Millforthe and Agnes Skotheme.
Sep. 2. Edward Oldham and Dorathie Rawben.
8. Robert Ludlam and Elizab. Bradshall.
10. John Brooke and Johan Abell.
15. Edmond Claye and Elizab. Stafford.
Oct. 7. Edward Coope and Johan Binge.
Nou. 3. Ffrancis Duckinfield and Johan Greenwood.
17. Willm. Clarke and Johane Migley.
Feb. 9. Willm. Benet and Johane Nealer.
20. Richard Rawson and Anne Ryshton.
1595.  
May 22. Richard Hibberd and Sythe Lambe.
June 18. Thorn. Smithe and Issabel Clarke.
Aug. 13. Willm. Innocent and Elizab. Smithe.
Sep. 1. Thorn. Clarke and Issabel Watson.
Oct. 13. Gregory Seluester and Cassander Pease.
20. Nicholas Done and Grace Blackowe.
23. George Gardiner and Ellin Hall.
20. Thom. Hilton and Anne Hardwicke.
Nou. 24. Henry Pooley and Elizab. Morfitt.
25. Robert Clarke and Margrett Bradshall.
1596.  
June 3. Richard Medcalfe and Johan Snowden.
8. Willm. Lunne and Alice Peame.
13. Raphe Allirell and Eliz. Pratt.
21. Bryann Brittain and Elizab. Royle.
July 25. Thomas Dwarryhouse and Issabell Wright.
Oct. 11. Richard Wheate and Dorathie Richardson.
27. Edward Riche and Elizab. Cleaton.
Nou. 21. Thom. Cawood and Elizabethe Whytley.
21. Richard P ------ and Elizabeth ------.
28. Matthewe ------ and Kathren Clarke.