PART II.
I.
Anthony Staunton, who died in 1560, married Sythe the daughter of Robert Nevill, of Ragnall, and had eleven children. Bridget, one of his daughters, was wife of Jerome Brand, of West Hall or Staunton Grange. This property, after much dispute between the two families, was finally purchased by William Staunton, as mentioned in the reference to Haverholme Priory. Two of Anthony's works, the star-shaped chimney and the mullion windows close by, are still to be seen at the Hall. An inventory of his goods taken after his death follows. It shows, among other things, the scanty furnishing of a country house at that date.
INVENTORY OF ANTHONY STAUNTON, 1560.
The inve(n)torye of the goods of Anthonye Staunton of Staunton in the Countie of Nottingham esquyer lat dessesed p(rai)sed (appraised) by vi. indyfferent (i.e., unbiassed) men, vid(elicet) Thomas Graunt of Allington, Will(ia)m Fairebarne, Thomas Cramton, Thomas Dadsley, Will(ia)m Worsd(ale), and Robert Spryge the threde day of Marche Anno D(omi)ni 1560 and in the threed yere of the Raigne of owre Sov(er)aigne lady elizabethe Be the grace of god, etc.
Fyrst — His apperrell iij paire of hoose |
xxi-s. |
It(e)m — iij dubletts, vidz on (one) of Sattan, one of taffatey, and a nother of fushechine (fustian) |
xxiij-s iiij-d. |
It(e)m — iij Slyvelese (sleeveless) jacketts, vidz on of blake vellvett, on of blake satten, and on of russells (a kind of satin), and a sleved cowt of clathe & a redd petycote |
v-li. |
It(e)m — iij gownes, vidz., on of blake damaske garded (trimmed or faced) w(ith) velvte, on of blake rossells (a kind of satin) garded w(ith) velvet & a noth(er) of clothe |
vi-li. |
It(e)m — A cloke garded w(ith) vellvet & a gerkine of spenyshe lether (a jerkyn of Spanish leather) |
xxvi-s. viij-d. |
It(e)m — A velvet halt & a vellvett cape (cap, not cape) |
x-s |
In gold and sylv(er). |
|
It(e)m — In golde and syllv(er) ...........................................ci-li. |
iiij-s. iiij-d. |
It(e)m — detts owinge |
xxvj-li. |
It(e)m — his chene of golde |
xvii-li. |
Sylv(er) Plate. |
|
It(e)m — ij gobletts of Sillv(er) w(ith) on(e) cov(er) p(ar)cell (partly) gylt, ij sylv(er) potts w(ith) one cov(er) p(ar)cell gylt, one stone pot w(ith) a cov(er) of sylv(er) p(ar)cell gylt, one salt w(ith) a cov(er) dobble gylt, ij sillv(er) salts w(ith) on(e) cov(er) p(ar)cell gylt, & a dosene & di (half) sylv(er) spownes p(ar)cell gylt |
xxiij-li. |
In the Chamb(er). |
|
It(e)m — xij peare of flaxen shetts |
iiij-li. |
It(e)m — x peare of hempine shetts |
xlv-s. |
It(e)m — xvj peare of harden shetts iij-li. |
vj-s. viij-d. |
It(e)m — a borde Clothe of dyper (diaper, a kind of damask), ij towells and vj napkenes |
xiij-s. iiij-d. |
It(e)m — ij borde clothes of flaxen, iiij of medleng (a mixed fabric, partly flaxen), iij of harden, iij towells & xviij table napk(in)s |
xxvj-s. |
It(e)m — vj pylloberes (pillow-cases) |
vjs. viij-d. |
It(e)m — iiij Fether bedde, iiij bolsters, viij pillowes, ij truse bedds w(ith) the hangings, testernes and curtines, on(e) of sea (say, a serge or fine woollen cloth), and a nother of buckerame .... |
|
vij-li. |
vj-s. viij-d. |
It(e)m — v peare of blankett |
xxx-s. |
It(e)m — iij bedd cov(er)ings, on(e) of them of darnet (darnex, or dormick, a coarse sort of damask) |
liij-s iiijd. |
It(e)m — xiiij Coverledds |
xlvj-s. viij-d. |
It(e)m — x mattrysses |
xl-s. |
It(e)m — vij horded beddsteds |
vij-s. |
Hey Cham(ber). |
|
It(e)m — In the hye chambre ij cupbords, ij cheysts, ij cheres, ij arks (a chest, meal-chest), & a buffet stole |
ix-s. |
It(e)m — in the p(ar)ler, one rownd cupbord, iiij stowls, a little forme & a cheare |
vij-s. |
It(e)m— vj Cusshings |
vj-s. |
It(e)m — in the buttre, ij basons & ij eweres |
ix-s. |
It(e)m — xxv platters, xxiiij dishes, xxiiij sawsers & vj podygars |
lv-s. |
Some (sum). CCxiiij-li. |
xij-s. viij-d. |
It(e)m — iiij dose(n) of trenshars & viij potts |
ij-s. |
It(e)m — ij chamber potts, a bason, & a bolle |
iij-s. |
It(e)m — x Candlestyks |
xiij-s. iiij-d. |
It(e)m — ij flaggynes of puther |
vj-s. |
It(e)m — a Cupborde in the butt(r)e |
viij -s. |
It(e)m — ij ale lowmes (ale-vats), ij sois (siles, |
|
strainers), & vj kytts (small wooden pails) |
x-s. |
In the Kytching. |
|
It(e)m — in the kytching viij brase potts an a chawfer (a saucepan) |
xxxiij-s. iiij-d. |
It(e)m — vj panes & a chawfing dyshe |
xxxiiij-s. iiij-d. |
It(e)m — iij peare of pott huks, a friing pane, and a branderethe (an iron tripod from which a pot is slung over a fire) |
ij-s. |
In the Yearde. |
|
It(e)m — viij oxen and iiij steres xxij-li. |
vj-s. viij-d. |
It(e)m — xvj kyne & a bulle xx-li. |
xiij-s. iiij-d. |
It(e)m — iij steres . |
iiij-li. |
It(e)m — iiij yearling Calves |
xlvj-s. viij-d. |
It(e)m — tene skore shepe at xl-s. the skore |
xx-li. |
It(e)m — lxv shepe skines at viiij-d. a piece |
xliij-s. iiij-d. |
It(e)m — ij ryding gelldings w(ith) ye saddles and brydles .................. iiij-li. |
vj-s. viij-d. |
It(e)m — iij cart horses & a mare, ij fylls and a folle .............................. v-li. |
iij-s. iiij-d. |
It(e)m — swine, yonge & holde ........................................ xxiij. |
iiij-li. |
It(e)m — viij q(uar)t(er)s malt at xj-s. the q(uar)t(er) |
iiij-li. viij -s. |
It(e)m — barlye be estimacion, thresshed and un-thresshed, xxxij q(uar)t(er)s |
xvj-li. |
It(e)m — Whet, be estimacion, unthresshed iij q(uar)t(er)s |
liiij-s. |
It(e)m — Pees, be estimacion ix q(uar)t(er)s at viij ye qr |
iij-li. xij-s. |
It(e)m— hay in the barne |
v-li. |
It(e)m — iij bowne waynes (waggons the wheels of which are bound with iron tyres), a peare of newe wylles unbowne, vj draught yoke, ij cope yoks, vij temes w(ith) other geres belonging to the said waines, ij plowes w(ith) the plowe geres ........................................................................................ v-li. |
iij -s. iiij-d. |
It(e)m — the shepe-folde a hovell, palles, woode and tymbre in the yearde w(ith) harrows & barrowes ............................ iij-li. |
vj-s. viij-d. |
It(e)m — vj pycke forks, ii peare of pick-forks grenes (granes, tines, or prongs of forks), viij cart clots, iij horse loks, a peare of fetters, ij donge forks, ij thre grened (three-pronged) forks, ij wynbles, a hammar, a peare of pinsers, iij yarne wedgis, a naxe & a hatchett |
vj-s. viij-d. |
It(e)m — the kylne heare |
x-s. |
It(e)m — in the mylne xij pycks, a gaveloke (a crow-bar), a hattchett, a chesell, & a gowarge |
viij-s. |
It(e)m — Whet on the growne xx acars at ix-s. the acare |
ix-li. |
It(e)m — barlye falowes unsawen, xij acares at ij-s. viij-d. the acar ........ v-li. |
ix-s. iiij-d. |
It(e)m — Pees on the growne, xxxij acars at vj-s. the acare |
ix-li. xij-s. |
Some (sum)........................................ |
clvj-li. ij-s. |
Some totals ............................. ccclxx-li. |
xiiij-s. viij-d. |
On the back of the foregoing Inventory of 1560 is the following memorandum :—
19 die may ano 1564.
M(emoran)d(um) that the xixth daye of maye in the year of o(ur) Lord God MDLXITII. all my pewter vessels and candle-sty ks was accompted by the Cooke havinge charge thereof, w(here) of the pices hereafter folloe—
Inp(r)imis—a bassen & ewer.
It(e)m—ij flagons or flacketts.
It(e)m—iij Cham(ber) potts.
It(e)m—xxi platters.
It(e)m—xxix covers.
It(e)m—eighte potingers or centerseytts.
It(e)m— foure frutte dishes.
It(e)m—in sawssers—xix—two or iij lackinge
It(e)m—x candlestycks.
It(e)m—a possell bolle newely charged.
It is not an easy task to compare the values of the various items in this inventory with those prevailing in the present day. For one thing, the household goods mentioned are all, of course, second-hand, and must, almost necessarily, be compared with the price of similar articles new. In one instance we find Anthony Staunton had twelve pairs of flaxen sheets, valued at £4, while now the cost of a similar number of good size and quality, if purchased new, might be about £20. Again, he had five pairs of blankets priced at £1 10s., which would nowadays cost five times that sum new.
When we come to the live stock and grain we are on surer ground. The Nottinghamshire farmer of 1910 would avail himself of his privilege of grumbling to the uttermost if eight of his oxen and four of his steers were not worth more than £22 6s. 8d collectively; similarly they would be, in these days, but poor nags that were worth but £2 3s. 4d. apiece, the value apportioned to the riding geldings of this Elizabethan squire. His wheat, valued at 18s. per quarter, and his barley at 16s. 3d. per quarter, after allowing for the cost of threshing, would now command nearly double the price.
Many of Anthony Staunton's children survived him, and their portions proved a great burden to Robert, the eldest son, who succeeded to the estate. Cade states he had also to defray no less than eight hundred pounds of his own debts incurred during his father's lifetime. Anne Charlton, however, writing 160 years later, takes exception to this description of him as a spendthrift, and emphatically declares that he was "a great and good man who ought to be held in memory and esteem by his posterity, and had those that followed his methods the family had not been reduced to ye narrow bounds of but part of ye Lordship of Staunton which I now only possess." Be this as it may, Robert Staunton, undoubtedly, was for some time seriously embarrassed for want of ready money, and on one occasion we find him requesting an advance from his father-in-law, Gabriel Barwick, in order that he might purchase a gelding a five pounds price "very good and suer (sure)." Later on, however, he seems to have shaken himself free from his debts and set resolutely to work to make the parishes of Staunton, Kilvington, Flawborough, and the hamlet of Alverton entirely his own; so that at the time of his death, in 1582, twenty-two years after his father, the only lands in these villages not in his possession were the Brand property in Staunton and that land in Kilvington which the Brookesby family inherited from the marriage of an ancestor with the daughter of George Staunton prior to 1498.
Thoroton describes in a few words transactions which required many documents and much discussion to complete "A threefold exchange was made between Robert Markham, of Gotham, Esquire, who passed his lands in Kilvington, Alverton, Flawborough, Dalington, and Staunton, to Robert Staunton, of Staunton, Esquire, who passed his in Bassingham, Quarrington, and Sleford, to Anthony Thorold, of Marston, Esquire, who passed his in Cleypole to the said Robert Markham. But Robert Staunton had the hardest bargain, for he gave not only £6 per annum more rent of land to his cousin Thorold, but also £40 in money to his cousin Markham, to whom he was also to give £100 more if his son, William Staunton, when he came to the age of nineteen, should refuse to take to his wife Francis, the daughter of the said Robert Markham, though he was not obliged to give her any portion. This was, after two or three years talking of, at length agreed and effected by the mediation of Thomas Markham, of Ollarton, Esquire, Robert Wood, of Lamley, Esquire, chosen for the said Robert Markham, the said Anthony Thorold and William Sutton, of Averham, chosen for the said Robert Staunton." These exchanges were completed in 1574. In commenting upon the affair Charles Mellish dissents from Dr. Thoroton's statement, that Robert Staunton had the worst of the bargain, and says:—"This case was an exchange of mutual convenience to all the three parties, and indeed it seems to me to have particularly accommodated Robert Staunton not only with a quantity of land, but with the undisputed Manor of Kilvington and Alverton. This Release seems also to have had due consideration paid to it, for the Treaty was between two and three years settling; and it was natural enough in a dispute for the £100 more that some Merry Man in Gotham Hall when Beards wagged all, suggested an accommodation by proposing marriage between the two families."
This complicated transaction, though consolidating the Staunton estates in Nottinghamshire, at the same time resulted in the transfer to the Thorold family of all that property in Lincolnshire which three hundred years before had been the portion of Athelin, co-heiress of Sir John de Musters and wife of Sir William de Staunton.
Robert Staunton married Bridget, one of the two daughters and co-heiress of Gabriel Barwick, of Bulcote, the other daughter, Anne, becoming wife to John Odingsells, of Epperston. On the death of their father the Bulcote property was divided between them, but William Staunton, son of Bridget, in 1586 sold his share to his cousin, Gabriel Odingsells. Two curious records in the parchment book already referred to and known as the Staunton Pedigrewe, give an amusing insight into the character of Robert Staunton, illustrating, in the first transaction, his deference to his wife's wishes, and in the second, his determination to have his own way.
Decimo quinto Feb AD 1577.
That whereas I was mynded to have sett ye buyldinge of two bayes framed this year 1577 at Bulcott, in a husbandmans yerd lying in the East side of ye Towne, because of ye height of the grounde there, my wyfe being ever desirous to have ye same sett in ye Hall place called St Mayres Mannr at ye South side of the Towne, which I misliked for ye lownes and moystness of ye grounde; for ye determination of wch matter long talked of I and my said wyfe agreed to cast lots (enclosed in wax here unto annexed) in wether place to sett ye same. By drawing order and fortune of the said lots ye said buyldinge, God wylling, shall be set in ye Hall place called St Mayres Manor according to ye lott of my said wyfe and her desire. God bless us, our children and ye said buylding. Amen. Robt. Staunton.
In ye presence of Rich Izett,
Robert Sprigg.
Nd yt I was at Bulcott the monday next after ye Dat(e) hereof being the 17th day of ffebruary to appoint ye setting of ye said buylding in the said Hall Place, where in the presence of many of the Neighbours in Bulcott, I could fynde, the same being duly searched, no suer firm or drie ground to sett ye same said buylding and other houses of office as barnes staples &c upon, or to make a garden or ane orchard. Therefore I was forced of necessitie to sett ye same in ye East syde of the Towne.
The blessing of God be evermore upon me my wife and children and upon the said buytding. Amen. 1577. Robt. Staunton.
It will be noticed that while the first document was executed in the presence of two witnesses, Robert does not apparently consider it necessary in the case of the second, that any of the inhabitants of Staunton (as were Rich. Izett and Robt. Sprigg) should know that he had not carried out the undertaking in the manner decided by the drawing of lots.
In writing an account of Robert Staunton, mention must be made of a somewhat mysterious person who bore the name of Edward Staunton. His name, with the date 1606, is to be found inscribed on the wall of the staircase to the church tower, and as no mention is made of him in Cade's pedigree or in any other record of the family, his identity has always been a puzzle. Now, however, an investigation the Staunton deeds shows that on 7th June, 1582, Robert Staunton, twelve days before his death, bestowed an annuity of £6 13s. 4d. (charged upon lands in Kilvington and Alverton) on Edward Staunton, otherwise Fotherbye, the son of Barbara Fotherbye, of Staunton. This Edward Staunton, therefore, was no doubt an illegitimate son of Robert Staunton. and, it may be surmised, continued to dwell in the village until a date subsequent to 1606. About the year 1616 he was resident at East Markham, and purchased land at Tuxford from James Thornhill, a yeoman. He also possessed a Kilnhouse and other property in Tuxford. A considerable number of deeds relating to his property in East Markham and Tuxford are among the Staunton papers, and in them he is described as Edward Staunton, of East Markham, gentleman. It is impossible to account for these documents now being at Staunton except on the supposition that he bequeathed his possessions to his relatives on the legitimate line. Possibly further research may reveal more of the life history of this man, of whom one thinks as a kind of Ishmael looking down from the church tower upon the broad lands of his half-brother William, and watching, half in sorrow, half in contempt, as these great possessions gradually slipped through the feeble fingers of their owner.
Robert Staunton died on 19th June, 1582, and was buried at the upper end of the church at Staunton, near the steeple door. His tombstone has since been removed to St. Lawrence's Choir. In his will he left bequests to the Church and Chapel of Staunton, the churches of Kilvington, Flawborough, and Long Bennington, and to the poor of many neighbouring villages. He left one-third part of his goods and chattels, including all his armour and weapons, to his wife, and, after other bequests, appointed his nephews, Gabriel Odingsells and Edward North, of Walkeringham, his executors.
From the following inventory of his goods, it will be seen that his debts were considerable, though the sum of £263 4s. 41/2,d. due to the Treasury was not taken into account:—
INVENTORY OF ROBERT STAUNTON, 1582.
The true Inventorie of all the goodes and Cattails, Creditts and debts w(hi)ch layt were and did belong to Rob(er)te Stanton laite of Stanton in the Countie of Nottingham, Esquier, deceased. Praised the xxiith day of June in the yere of ou(r) Lord God 1582 by the indiffere(n)t p(er)sons followinge: v(i)z., Roberte Sprigge, Nicholas Izatt, Thomas Lyne, Richard Mosse, and Richard Clyftone.
Imprimis — His Girdell and purse ..................................... vj-li. |
xiij-s. iiij-d. |
His apparell .................................................................... vj-li. |
xiij-s. iiij-d. |
In the Parler. — Sixe quisshins (cushions) ........................... |
xx-s. |
One trusse bedd w(i)th teaster and valance of Sattine curtings, a fether bedd, two boulsters, two pillows, three blanketts, one bed coveringe and a mattris ..................................................... iij-li. |
vj-s. viij-d. |
xl-s. |
|
xxx-s. |
|
x-s. |
|
In the Halle. — One longe table w(i)th a frame and one square table with a frame, two framed formes ............................................ |
xx-s. |
In the Littell Parler. — Two truse bedds, two fether bedds, two boulsters, two pillowes, thre blankets, four cov(er)lets, one teaster |
xiij-s. iiij-d. |
v-s. |
|
In the Galorie Chamber. — A truse bedd and a trockelbedd, two fether beeds, two mattrisses, thre blanckets, two boulsters, foure pillowes, foure cov(er)lytts ................................................................ |
iiij-li. |
A shorte table, two frame formes, two cheares, thre cubbords, sixe buffyte stoules .................................................................. |
xxvi-s. viij-d. |
xiij-s. iiij-d. |
|
In the Newe Chamber — A truse bedd and a trockel-bed, a mattrise and a fether bedd, a boulster and a pillow, a blancket, two cov(er)letts |
xxxiij-s. iiij-d. |
xxiij-s. iiij-d. |
|
In the Greate Chamber. — A truse beed, a trockel-bed, two fetherbedds, two boulsters, foure pillowes, thre blanckets, four cov(er)lytts, w(i)th angings aboute the bedd, one mattrisse ................................ |
v-li. |
A prasse, two cubbords, a square table, two cheirs, four chysts .. |
xl-s. |
In the Nurserie Chamber. — One stand bedd, a mattrisse, a fether bedd, a boulster, two pillowes, two blancketts, one bedd trilline, one cov(er)lite |
xl-s. |
In the Arden Chamber. — Two stocke bedd, one fether bedd, two mattrises, two boulsters, ij pillowes, a quilt, foure cov(er)lits ........... |
xx-s. |
In the Maydes Chamber. — Two stande bedds, thre mattrisses, sixe cov(er)lyts, thre blanckets, two boulsters ....................... |
xxvj-s. viij-d. |
In the Worke Mens Chamber. — Two stocke bedds, one mattrise, two pillowes, foure cov(er)lyts ................................................ |
xvij-s. iiij-d. |
In the Milne. — One stocke bedd, one matterisse, a pillowe, two cov(er)lyts |
x-s. |
In the Carters Chamber — One stocke bedd, one matterise, a pillowe, two cov(er)lytts........................................................................ |
x-s. |
In the Mylke House. — The mylke vessell ............................... |
v-s. |
In the Kitchen. — Eight potts, two chaufares |
xl-s. |
In the Butterie. — Great platters ......................................... xxxvij |
xl-s. vj-s. viij-d |
xxx-s. |
|
x-s. |
|
ix-s. |
|
iiij.s. |
|
Vij -S. |
|
xij-d. |
|
v-li. |
|
xij-s. |
|
xx-s. |
|
v-s. |
|
The Lynninges. — xvij paire of newe harden sheets ................... |
l-s. |
xx-s. |
|
liij-s. iiij-d. |
|
vj-s. v-iij-d. |
|
xxx-s. |
|
xl-s. |
|
xx-s. |
|
xij-s. |
|
xx-s. |
|
xxx-s. |
ij-s. vj-d. |
|
vj-s. viij-d. |
|
x-s. |
|
xvj-s. |
|
xxxiij-s iiij-d. |
|
xviij-s. |
|
xxv-s. |
|
ij-s. |
|
Corne and Cattell (w(i)th certaine other goods w(i)thout the house.— |
|
xxj-li. xiiij-s. |
|
vij-s. iiij-d. |
|
xxxvij-li. |
|
xvj-li. x-s. |
|
x-li. |
|
vj-li. iij-s. iiij-d. |
|
xiij-s. iiij-d. |
|
xiij-s. iiij-d. |
|
xxx-li. |
|
xvj-li. |
|
xvij-li. x-s. |
|
xiij-s. iiij-d. |
|
iiij-li. |
|
xlvj-s. viij-d. |
|
xs. |
|
xiij-s. iiij-d. |
|
xxxiij-s. |
|
xl-s. |
|
iij-li. |
|
xx-s. |
|
xiijs. iiijd. |
|
Summ(um) hujus Inventorii ......................................... cclxxxvij-li. |
x vij-s. ij-d. |
Debtes owing by the testator at the tyme of his death: — |
|
To John Coulbie.................................................................... |
xxx-li. |
,, Mr. Haslame...................................................................... |
xxxj-li xiij-d. |
,, Mr. Standley .................................................................... |
xl-li. |
,, Mrs. Alles Markhame, to be payd to her at Lammas and Candlemas next all ............................................................................ |
lvj-li. |
,, John Bouthe .................................................................... |
x-li. |
,, John Kirkbie ..................................................................... |
xv-li. |
,, John and Richard Snowe ................................................. |
lxviij-li. |
,, Catheren Cramptone ...................................................... |
xiij-li. |
,, John Twentyman ............................................................. |
iiij-li. xiij-s. jd. |
,, Will(ia)m Wayte ............................................................... |
xl-s. iiij-d. |
,, James Bell ....................................................................... ix-li. |
xiij-s. iiij-d. |
,, Thomas Basse ............................................................... |
iiij-li. |
,, Thomas Heringe ............................................................ |
xiij-s. iiij-d. |
,, Roger Parkingsone ........................................................ |
xxxviij-s. xj-d. |
,, John Browne .................................................................. |
xliiij-s. vij-d. |
,, Anthonie Creame ........................................................... |
xx-s. |
,, my Smith ....................................................................... |
xx-s. |
,, Thomas Breafet ............................................................. |
xiij-s. iiij-d. |
,, the weaver .................................................................... |
xl-s. |
,, William Arden ............................................................... |
vj-li. |
,, Humfrey Barret .............................................................. |
xxx-s. |
,, Francis Crokine ............................................................. |
xl-s. |
For wedinge .................................................................... |
viij-s. |
,, slate ......................................................................... |
xij-s. ij-d. |
,, thressine ..................................................................... |
xxx-s. |
,, lyme ............................................................................ |
xviij-S. |
To Jerame Crampton ...................................................... xiij-li. |
xiij-s. iiij-d. |
For making a table, formes and stoules and other impleme(n)ts at Bulcote, Anno Dni 1582 ......................................................... |
iiij-li. |
The charges of his funerall .............................................. |
xlj-li. |
To Ingrame Jolie ............................................................. |
xij-s. |
,, Mr. Robart Barwicke (this item is added in another hand) .. xiij-li. |
xiij-s. iiij-d. |
Summ(a) of debts deducted ............................................... |
ccclxv-li. j-s. jd. |
And so the debts are more than the goods by ................... |
|
vijxxxvij-li. |
iij-s. xj-d. |
